05) higher compared to the proximal colon. Incidence of ACF in the distal colon was significantly ( P <. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Alabama A&M University approved all protocols involving the experiment. Synergy1 (Beneo) was obtained from Orafti (Teinen, Belgium) and SM was obtained from the local market (Garden Cove, Huntsville, AL). Dietary ingredients were obtained from MP Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, CA. The diets were prepared fresh and stored at 4☌. Biweekly body weights and daily feed intakes were recorded. All rats were housed and maintained according to standard protocols. Dietary modifications were made to fiber, casein, and cornstarch ( Table 1). After one week of acclimatization all rats were randomly assigned to nine groups ( n = 6) and fed the following diets: AIN-93G as control (C) and treatment groups with C+ Synergy1 (5%, 10%), C+ SM (5%, 10%), C+ Synergy1 + SM (5% + 5%), (10% + 10%), (5% + 10%), and (10% + 5%). Previous research on health benefits of Synergy1 and Soybean has provided a platform to investigate the effects of Synergy1 and Soybean meal (SM) singly and in combinations at 5% and 10% on the incidence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats and explore the selected mechanisms of action.įifty-four Fisher 344 male weanling rats (3 weeks old) were obtained from Harlan, IN and housed in stainless steel wire cages at 2 rats per cage. Prebiotics may influence isoflavone metabolism that can constitute a novel approach in inducing beneficial microflora such as equol-producing and lactic acid bacteria responsible for healthy bowel function. Superoxide-dismutase is an essential enzyme involved in the conversion of free radical superoxides to peroxides. Catalase is an antioxidative enzyme involved in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are crucial phase II detoxification enzymes that offer protection by catalyzing conjugation resulting in excretion of xenobiotics. Quantitative assays of specific enzymes activated in response to xenobiotics are useful biomarkers in determining the chemopreventive potential of specific diets. ![]() Azoxymethane (AOM) is a potent carcinogen used to induce colon tumors in rodent models to determine the chemopreventive efficacy of foods. ACF are microscopic precancerous lesions in the colon capable of progressing to tumors. One such early biomarker in colon carcinogenesis is Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF)-used in prescreening the effects of potential chemopreventive agents and chemical risk assessment in the environment. īiomarkers aid in the screening and diagnosis of early stages of pathogenesis. Due to its potential antioxidative properties equol has been reported to reduce the development of chronic diseases such as prostate cancer and cardiovascular diseases. ![]() The human population consists of equol producers and nonequol producers based on interindividual differences in establishment of intestinal microflora. Action of intestinal β-glucosidases results in increased absorption and bioavailability of these bioactive compounds and formation of metabolites such as equol, O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA) from daidzein, and P-ethylphenol from genistein. Isoflavones are phytoestrogens available as glycosides in plants and are transformed to aglycones in the human intestine. Soybean contains a variety of phytochemicals such as isoflavones, phytates, phytosterols, protease inhibitors, acid phenolics, saponins, and omega-3 fatty acids with numerous health benefits such as lowering plasma cholesterol, osteoporosis, prostate, and breast cancer. Synergy1 is a prebiotic composed of Inulin and Oligofructose in equal proportion that has shown inhibitory effects on AOM-induced ACF in F344 rats explained by stimulation of probiotics, production of short chain fatty acids, and activation of detoxifying enzymes. Įpidemiological and experimental studies show a correlation with the consumption of dietary fiber and a reduction in colon cancer. ![]() Chemoprevention is defined as “use of natural, synthetic, biological or chemical agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent carcinogenic progression. Dietary chemoprevention emerged as one of the strategies targeting multistage pathogenesis. Diet is one of the modifiable risk factors which has been found to influence colonic microflora and their enzymes in colon carcinogenesis. Geographical variations in colon cancer prevalence are higher in industrialized nations compared to developing countries which may be explained by the influence of environmental factors such as diet. Primary prevention is a promising and cost-effective approach in reducing morbidity and mortality related to cancer. ![]() Cancer is a major public health problem and statistics show that colon cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths among men and women in the USA.
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